đź’“REPORTED SPEECH - MODAL VERBS AND PAST PERFECT

đź’“REPORTED SPEECH - MODAL VERBS AND PAST PERFECT 

Indirect speech focuses more on the content of what someone said rather than their exact words. In indirect speech, the structure of the reported clause depends on whether the speaker is reporting a statement, a question or a command.

1. Direct Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech. Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and we should say it with the exact words that the person said.
  • He said, "Today’s lesson is on the past simple."
  • "Today’s lesson is on the past simple," he said.

2. Indirect Speech, Reported Speech

Indirect (reported speech), doesn’t use quotation marks to show what the person said and it doesn’t have to be the exact words as what the person said.

When reporting speech is used the tense usually has to be changed. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past That is why verbs usually have to be in the past too.
   
                                   Direct speech                                     Indirect speech
                      "I’m going to work", she said.                        She said she was going to work.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
Direct speechIndirect speech
will
She said, "I’ll go home early today."		would
She said she would go home early today.
can
She said, "I can go home early today."		could
She said she could go home early today.
must
She said, "I must go home early today."		had to
She said she had to go home early today.
shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?"		should
She asked what we should learn today.
may
She said, "May I open the window?"		might
She asked if she might open the window.

Reporting Verbs - „said“, „told“ and „asked“

We use asked to report questions.
  • I asked Kate what time the meeting started.
We use „told “with an object.
  • Kate told me she was hungry.
We usually use „said“ without an object.
  • Kate said she was going to work now.
If „said“is used with an object we must use„to“.
  • Kate said to me that she had never been to London.
Note - We usually use „told“ rather than said.
  • Kate told me that she had never been to London.
There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked. For example: accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.
  • He asked me to come to his birthday party.
  • He invited me to his birthday party.
  • He begged me to come to his birthday party.
  • He ordered me to come to his birthday party.
  • He advised me to come to his birthday party.
  • He suggested I should come to his birthday party.

The use of „that“ in reported speech.

In reported speech, the word that is often used.
  • He told me that he lived in France.
However, that is optional and does not have to be used.
  • He told me he lived in France.
That is never used in questions, instead we often use if.

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